Numerical Investigation of Tearing Fracture of Wrinkled Pipe
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Steel pipelines, buried in cold regions, often respond to thermal strains and/or geotechnical movement caused by factors such as thaw settlement, frost heave, and slope instability. These complex field conditions can impose large displacements on these pipelines, resulting in localized wrinkles well into the plastic range of the pipe material. Eventually, there is a possibility of a fracture occurring at a wrinkled location under continuous deformation. A recent field fracture and a failed laboratory specimen have been observed within a telescopic wrinkle under tearing action and the loading histories have been found to be monotonic, without significant strain reversals. These incidents underscore the need for a detailed investigation, which seeks to answer fundamental questions regarding this unique mode of failure. In this study, a finite element model has been developed, which is capable of accounting for material nonlinearity effects, large displacements, large rotations, initial imperfections, and possible complex contact surfaces. Based on limited test data, the comparison of the numerical and the experimental results demonstrates the ability of the present model to predict the local buckling behavior of pipes when deformed well into the postwrinkling range. The results of this analytical work include the global and local deformation patterns and a detailed assessment of the stress-strain relations at the region of the telescopic wrinkle. The results obtained from this study have recognized the occurrence of strain reversal at the sharp fold of the wrinkle on the compression side of the pipe, a phenomenon that could be considered to be the key factor for triggering this unique failure mechanism.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".