Transport parameters for pulsed ultrasonic waves propagating in an aluminum foam
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aluminum foams have now been studied for many years in large part because of their applications as light-weight elastic materials (e.g., car bumpers, aerospace engineering applications). The pore size and the spatial distribution of the pores govern the mechanical behavior of the foam and can vary enormously depending on the method of manufacturing. Thus, new methods for the nondestructive characterization of these materials are needed. We present here a set of experimental ultrasonic methods in a range of frequencies where the ultrasonic waves are multiply scattered in the medium. In this regime, the propagation is described by ultrasonic transport parameters which are related to the microstructure of the foam. The diffusion coefficient and the absorption mean free path have been determined in pulse transmission experiments by fitting the solution of the diffusion equation to the average intensity, the so-called time of flight distribution. To more fully characterize the medium, the transport mean path and the diffusion coefficient have been measured in backscattering experiments using the static and dynamic coherent backscattering effects. For both methods, the properties of the sample interfaces have been taken into account.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".