Daily energy expenditure during lactation is strongly selected in a free‐living mammal
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary Energy expenditure is a trait of central importance in ecological and evolutionary theory. We examined the correlates of, the strength of selection on, and the heritability of, daily energy expenditure (DEE; kJ day−1) during lactation in free‐ranging North American red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus). Over 7 years, lactating squirrels with greaterDEEhad higher annual reproductive success (ARS; standardized selection gradient: β′ = 0·47; top 12% of published estimates). Surprisingly, positive fecundity selection on lactationDEEfor increasedARSdid not result because lactationDEEwas correlated with typical measures of reproductive performance and/or investment. We found no evidence of costs of elevated lactationDEEacting through female survival, subsequent year lactationDEEor subsequent year reproduction. LactationDEEwas not significantly repeatable, and heritability was not significantly different from zero. Elevated lactationDEEenhancesARSthrough a link betweenDEEand an unidentified measure of maternal or environmental quality, but there is limited evolutionary potential for lactationDEEto respond to our documented selection.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".