Vitamin D and Its Analog EB1089 Induce p27 Accumulation and Diminish Association of p27 with Skp2 Independent of PTEN in Pituitary Corticotroph Cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Disruption of the gene for the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI) p27/kip1 results in pituitary corticotroph hyperplasia while diminished expression of this protein has been described in aggressive human pituitary tumors. We have previously shown that 1,25-vitamin D3 (VD) hypophosphorylates p27 and interferes with the degradation of this CDKI in thyroid carcinoma cells. In this study we investigated whether VD/EB1089 can induce p27 accumulation and cause growth arrest of pituitary corticotroph cells. VD and EB1089 exhibited a significant reduction in AtT20 corticotroph but not PRL235 lactotroph cell growth. These changes were accompanied by selective accumulation of p27 in AtT20 but not in PRL235 cells. As p27 levels are highly dependent on protein degradation, we examined the effect of VD/EB1089 on p27 association with factors that target this CDKI to the proteasome. VD/EB1089 significantly restricted the association of p27 with Skp2 as well as with cyclin dependent kinase 2 (CDK2). As the tumor suppressor and phosphatase PTEN has been implicated in p27 regulation, we tested whether the effects of VD/EB1089 on p27 accumulation in corticotrophs could be mediated through this pathway. VD/EB1089 did not appreciably alter PTEN expression. Moreover, transfection of PTEN did not influence the effect of VD on p27 accumulation in corticotrophs. We conclude that VD/EB1089 can selectively arrest pituitary corticotroph growth and induce p27 accumulation.This effect is mediated at least partially through diminished p27 association with Skp2 and with CDK2. In contrast to other cell systems, PTEN does not participate in the regulation of corticotroph p27 and is not involved in mediating the effect of VD on p27 in these cells. Our findings highlight p27 and VD analogs as targets for manipulation and drug development respectively in the treatment of inoperable corticotroph adenomas.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".