Metal/fullerene electrode structure: physics and device applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fullerene (C60) has been found to form a universal hole injection interface in the Metal/C60 anode structure. This bilayer structure opens up possibilities to select various highly conductive metals as anodes to replace indium tin oxide (ITO). Organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) utilizing Au/C60 and Mg/C60 bilayer anodes were fabricated. Electroluminescence (EL) efficiencies of devices with Au/C60 anodes surpassed the ITO baseline device by ~ 25%. It was found that the hole injection current for the Au/C60 anode can be tuned via the C60 interlayer thickness in the range of 1 - 5 nm. Single carrier hole-only (HO) devices with different metal and metal/C60 bilayer anodes were studied. With the insertion of a 3 nm thick C60 buffer layer between the anode metal and hole transport layer (HTL), an increase in hole injection current of more than two orders was realized. Based on device modeling we extracted C60-induced dipoles on the metal surfaces. These dipole values agree well with values obtained by Kelvin probe and photoemission measurements. What is more, the dipole values effectively pin the work function of all metals to a common value of ~ 4.6 eV, creating a universal hole injection barrier regardless of the pristine anode metal work function.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".