HTLV Type I/II in British Columbia Amerindians: A Seroprevalence Study and Sequence Characterization of an HTLV Type IIa Isolate
Bibliographic record
Abstract
It has been established that the human T cell lymphotropic viruses type I and II (HTLV-I and HTLV-II) are both present in some indigenous peoples of the Americas. While HTLV-I has been identified in coastal British Columbia Indians (BCIs), HTLV-II has not been previously reported in the BCIs or other Canadian Amerindians. The prevalence of HTLV-I and HTLV-II in these populations has not been extensively studied. In this article, we examine a group of BCIs from Vancouver Island who belong to the Nuu-Chah-Nulth and are known to have an increased incidence of rheumatic disease. In 494 serum samples from this tribe, the levels of prevalence of HTLV-I and HTLV-II were 2.8 and 1.6%, respectively. No association could be made between arthropathy and HTLV-I infection. In addition, we characterized an HTLV-II isolate of a BCI from the coastal mainland of British Columbia and with a history of intravenous drug abuse. This case represents the first molecular characterization of a Canadian Amerindian HTLV-II isolate: a subtype IIa virus with phylogenetic affinity for intravenous drug user isolates and containing an extended form of the Tax protein. These results are consistent either with this strain having been sampled from a polymorphic ancestral pool of HTLV-II that gave rise to the current epidemic spread of this virus by intravenous drug use and sexual transmission, or with its being "back-transmitted" into the BC Amerindian population in association with intravenous drug use.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".