Direct Visualization of the Hydrolysis Kinetics of Titanium(IV) Alkoxides on Functionalized Gold Surfaces
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The hydrolysis kinetics of titanium(IV) alkoxides coordinated on functionalized gold surfaces was monitored with video-based contact angle measurements, and the experimental data were further modeled to evaluate pseudo-first-order reaction rate constants. In particular, titanium(IV) isopropoxide molecules were attached to dithiothreitol monolayers on gold from dilute 2-propanol solution to form titanium-coordinated surfaces. The side view of a sessile drop of aqueous solution on the titanium-coordinated surface changed significantly as a function of time (corresponding to an apparent decrease in the contact angles), indicating that the surface became more hydrophilic as a result of its reaction with aqueous solution (i.e., the hydrolysis and polycondensation). The kinetics of this surface reaction was modeled, for the first time, based on the observed changes in the time-dependent contact angles. Pseudo-first-order kinetic parameters obtained showed an interesting two-step reaction feature when water was used ( k 1 = 0.91 × 10 -3 s -1 and k 2 = 2.1 × 10 -3 s -1 ), while the experiments using acid and base solutions displayed a clear enhancement effect and were better modeled with only one rate constant ( k overall = 2.3 × 10 -3 s -1 for 0.10 M HCl and k overall = 5.0 × 10 -3 s -1 for 0.10 M NaOH).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".