Characterization of Two <i>Autographa californica</i> Nucleopolyhedrovirus Proteins, Ac145 and Ac150, Which Affect Oral Infectivity in a Host-Dependent Manner
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The genome of the baculovirus Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) contains two homologues, orf145 and orf150, of the Heliothis armigera Entomopoxvirus (HaEPV) 11,000-kDa gene. Polyclonal antibodies raised against the Ac145 or Ac150 protein were utilized to demonstrate that they are expressed from late to very late times of infection and are within the nuclei of infected Sf-21 cells. Transmission electron microscopy coupled with immunogold labeling of Ac145 found this protein within the nucleus in areas of nucleocapsid assembly and maturation, along with some association with the enveloped bundles of virions within the developing occlusion bodies (OBs). Ac150 was found to be mainly associated with enveloped bundles of virions within OBs and also with those not yet occluded. Both Ac145 and Ac150 were found to be present in budded virus as well as OBs. Both orf145 and orf150 were deleted from the AcMNPV genome, singly or together, and these deletion mutants were assessed for oral infectivity both in Trichoplusia ni and Heliothis virescens larvae. Deletion of Ac145 led to a small but significant drop in infectivity (sixfold) compared to wild-type (wt) AcMNPV for T. ni but not for H. virescens. Deletion of Ac150 alone had no effect on infectivity of the virus for either host. However, deletion of both Ac145 and Ac150 gave a recombinant virus with a drastic (39-fold) reduction in infectivity compared to wt virus for H. virescens. Intrahemocoelic injection of budded virus from the double-deletion virus into H. virescens larvae is as infectious to this host as wt budded virus, indicating that Ac145 and Ac150 play a role in primary oral infection of AcMNPV, the extent of which is host dependent.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".