Bibliographic record
Abstract
Research in the terahertz regime of the electromagnetic spectrum has become increasingly prominent in photonics for a number of reasons, including the abilities to temporally resolve ultrashort pulses (~ ps), extract polarization information, and easily create structures with size on the order of the wavelength. In a conventional time-domain terahertz spectroscopy system, when a pulse of radiation is incident on a sample, the system detects the radiation transmitted along the incident beam axis. While this approach has proven to be effective for numerous applications, it is often desirable to detect radiation scattered from a sample at off-axis angles. The realization of a pump-probe terahertz spectroscopy system capable of time- and polarization-resolved detection at arbitrary angles is nontrivial, however, since the sampling probe pulse must retain its spatial alignment, polarization, and timing at all detection angles. In this work, we unveil a system capable of angular- and time-resolved detection of terahertz radiation, with detection angles spanning 360°. Moreover, the polarization of the radiation can be determined at any detection angle. The performance of the system is demonstrated experimentally by detecting the radiation scattered from a spherical sample, which exhibits a radiation pattern that is symmetric about the incident beam axis. To the best of our knowledge, an angularly resolved terahertz system with such versatility has not been previously realized, and its development introduces a new platform for explorations into angular dependent phenomena.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".