Complex permittivity measurement system for detecting soil contamination
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The design, calibration, and operation of a laboratory-scale system to assess the viability of detecting contaminants in soil based on changes in its electromagnetic response are described. The complex permittivity measurement device, permeation apparatus, and dielectric responses of soil specimens measured before and after permeation with different CaCl 2 solutions are discussed. It is shown that the change in the complex permittivity of the soil is best characterized in terms of the permittivity and loss factor at the frequency of 250 MHz, since they exhibit a significant response to changes in the pore-fluid chemistry. The laboratory system can be used routinely to create soil samples permeated with a known contaminant at known concentrations and then measure the complex permittivity of the contaminated soil samples directly after permeation. The system is such that other factors (e.g., density and water content) which could influence the complex permittivity can be carefully controlled, allowing the relationship between the type and level of contamination and dielectric behaviour of soils to be established.Key words: complex permittivity, nondestructive testing, soil contamination, detection of soil contamination, environmental technology.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".