Entrainment From A Flat Liquid-Liquid Interface
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The entrainment of water into a stream of light mineral oil has been studied in a laboratory scale cell measuring 40×25×15 cm. Oil is continuously passed through the cell in which a stratified oil/water system is maintained. The exit flow of oil is found to entrain a small proportion of water depending on the distance z of the interface below the centre of the exit duct. In most cases the entrainment occurs when the interface is significantly below the bottom of the exit duct. The threshold interface level (zc) for entrainment has been measured for several exit duct configurations as a function of oil flow rate and compared with a hydrodynamic prediction. This threshold and the rates of entrainment are strongly affected by the configuration of the exit duct. The laboratory scale results have been discussed in relation to the entrainment of matte into slag leaving the Inco Flash Furnace. Operating recommendations have been made to reduce the losses of matte by entrainment.On a étudié l'entraînement d'eau dans un courant d'huile minérale légère. Pour ce faire, on a utilisé une cellule à l'échelle du laboratoire mesurant 40 × 25 × 15 cm. L'huile circulait continuellement à travers la cellule dans laquelle on maintenait un système stratifié huile/eau. On a trouvé que l'écoulement de sortie de l'huile entraînait une petite proportion d'eau, dépendant de la distance z de l'interface sous la ligne de centre de la conduite de sortie. Dans la plupart des cas, l'entraînement se produisait quand l'interface était située significativement au-dessous du niveau inférieur de la conduite de sortie. On a mesuré le niveau d'interface limite d'entraînement (zc), sous plusieurs configurations de la conduite de sortie, en fonction du taux d'écoulement d'huile, et on l'a comparé avec un modèle hydrodynamique. Cette limite ainsi que les taux d'entraînement étaient fortement affectés par la configuration de la conduite de sortie. On discute des résultats à l'échelle du laboratoire en relation avec l'entraînement de matte dans la scorie sortant de la fournaise “Flash” d'Inco. On fait également des recommandations d'opération afin de réduire les pertes de matte par entraînement.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".