Validation of boundary PIV measurements of soil–pipe interaction
Bibliographic record
Abstract
It is a well-established argument that side-wall interface friction can influence the behaviour of soil located at the boundary of physical model test chambers. This effect has a potentially significant influence on measurement techniques such as particle image velocimetry that often rely on images captured at vertical transparent boundaries. However, it is hypothesised that under kinematically controlled boundary conditions, particle image velocimetry can yield not only qualitative but highly accurate quantitative measurements of deformation. In this paper, this hypothesis is tested for the specific soil–structure interaction problem of pipelines being subject to vertical faulting. In the middle of the model, a circular model pipeline was heavily instrumented with 32 pairs of strain gauges. At the same elevation but at the window of the test chamber, an identical model pipeline was split in half axially along its centreline to give a semi-circular cross-section, and placed against the visible window. Three digital cameras were used to record deformations of the pipe and the surrounding soil during the test. After image processing and filtering, measurements of peak curvature obtained from digital image analysis on the half pipeline section are shown to be within 5% of the results obtained from strain gauges.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".