Basal forebrain nitric oxide synthase (NOS)‐containing neurons project to microvessels and NOS neurons in the rat neocortex: cellular basis for cortical blood flow regulation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Stimulation of basal forebrain neurons results in local increases in cortical cerebral blood flow that are dependent upon cholinergic and nitrergic mechanisms. In the present study, we investigated the possibility that basal forebrain nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-containing neurons project to microvessels and NOS interneurons in the rat cerebral cortex. We performed quisqualic (QUIS) acid lesions of the basal forebrain and evaluated their effects on cortical NOS immunostained nerve terminals, with emphasis on those associated with microvessels and NOS interneurons, both at the light and/or electron microscopic levels. The results show that basal forebrain NOS neurons provide about one third of the overall cortical NOS innervation. Further, the data indicate that basalocortical NOS fibres establish privileged associations with microvessels and NOS neurons, as respective denervations of 60 and 45% were observed following lesion. At the electron microscopic level, most perivascular NOS neuronal elements corresponded to nerve terminals and a majority ( approximately 25%) of these were located in the immediate vicinity of the blood vessels, similar to the perivascular distribution reported previously for classic neurotransmitters/neuromediators. NOS terminals abutting on cortical NOS neurons were primarily nonjunctional. Altogether, these results raise the possibility that not only cholinergic but also nitrergic basal forebrain neurons are involved in the flow response observed following stimulation of the basal forebrain. Further, they suggest interactions between basalocortical and intracortical NOS neurons. We conclude that these interactions are involved in the spatial and temporal regulation of cortical perfusion following basal forebrain activation, and that they may become dysfunctional in pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease which affects both the basal forebrain and the cortical NOS neurons.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".