Assessment of ductility demand and reliability of bilinear single-degree-of-freedom systems under earthquake loading
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Probabilistic assessments of the ductility demand and reliability analysis were carried out for hysteretic bilinear single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) systems. The assessment considered a set of strong ground motion records, and focused on evaluating the mean and coefficient of variation of the ductility demand for a given normalized yield strength. Results indicated that the ductility demand could be modeled as a Frechet (extreme value type II) variate. Based on the obtained results, empirical equations were provided to predict the mean ductility demand for hysteretic bilinear SDOF systems considering different natural vibration periods, damping ratios, and post-yield stiffness to initial stiffness ratios. Numerical results showed that the coefficient of variation of the ductility demand can go as high as one, depending on the characteristics of the structure. Also, a simple approach was given to estimate the probabilities of incipient damage and incipient collapse using the developed probabilistic characterization of the ductility demand. This approach, which could be suitable for design code calibration analysis, is illustrated numerically in this study.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".