Transpired solar collectors for ventilation air heating
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Transpired solar collectors (TSCs) improve the environmental performance of buildings by preheating incoming ventilation air using solar energy, substituting the need to use fossil fuels. TSCs have been used successfully in the USA and Canada over the past 20 years and have been shown to achieve economic payback of between 2 and 10 years. The economic performance is achieved through a combination of high thermal efficiency and the low cost of the solar collector, which is in the form of a single perforated steel sheet. In 2006, the first installation of a TSC in the UK was on a single-storey industrial building in County Durham and during its first year of operation, the TSC provided around 20% of the building’s heating demand. This paper presents a review of the research into TSC technology, examining its thermal performance, the different construction types, annual energy performance, and international experiences. The evidence from the UK-based research performance investigations suggest that the success of TSCs in the USA and Canada could be replicated in the UK.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".