Localized hypoplasia of the primary canine in bonobos, orangutans, and gibbons
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper extends observations by Lukacs ([1999] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 110:351-363; [2001] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 116:199-208) of localized hypoplasia of the primary canine (LHPC) among large apes to gibbons, bonobos, and orangutans. LHPC is a roughly circular area of deficient enamel on the labial surface of primary canine teeth which, on current evidence from humans, forms several months after birth due to malnutrition-induced craniofacial osteopenia, leading to crypt fenestration that exposes the dental follicle and more deep-sited ameloblasts to minor physical traumata during normal motor infant development. Our goal was to determine the prevalence of LHPC among a variety of apes which differ in body mass and socioecology, with a view to elucidating the etiology of the defect. We examined juvenile dentitions from 122 animals from three taxa: 8 Hylobates lar, 75 Pongo pygmaeus from Borneo and Sumatra, and 39 Pan paniscus from central Africa. Reported variables include taxon, sex, arcade, side, and tooth size. Presence/absence and ordinal severity of defect expression were recorded by description, microphotography, and scanning electron microscopy. Molds were taken in high-resolution dental impression materials and cast in epoxy resin. There are clear taxonomic, but no sex, differences. Prevalence ranged from 0.0% in gibbons to 61.5% in bonobos and 85.3% in orangutans. The result for orangutans is similar to that reported by Lukacs ([1999] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 110:351-363), while bonobos are much more affected than were the common chimpanzees (22%) described by Lukacs ([1999] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 110:351-363). There are no significant antimeric differences, but the lower canine is much more affected than the upper by LHPC. We show that larger teeth are more affected by LHPC and have more severe defects. Also, we encountered several instances of patent or healing canine crypt fenestrations, occasionally in direct association with LHPC. Location of the defect indicates that LHPC may occur perinatally but more usually several months postnatally. Histological examination showing the neonatal line and LHPC is required to resolve the issue of timing. We concur with Lukacs ([1999] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 110:351-363) that taxonomic, anatomical, and environmental variables combine to determine the occurrence and appearance of LHPC. Nevertheless, we conclude that LHPC probably reflects deficient growth of the arcades in infant apes and humans.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".