Nationalist and Feminist Discourses on <i>Jianmei</i> (Robust Beauty) during China's ‘National Crisis’ in the 1930s
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The female body -its meaning and ownership -has long served as a signifier for competing nationalist and feminist discourses on womanhood in modern China.Woman's body, as a site of contested meanings, reflected the uncertain status of women as national subjects. 1That uncertainty was particularly evident during China's 'national crisis' (guonan) following the 1931 Mukden Incident, which launched a series of Japanese aggressive military manoeuvres in the north and east coast and lasted until Japanese defeat in 1945.During that time, Chinese nationalists, attempting to reinforce the strength of their threatened nation, encouraged Chinese women to become physically strong.As part of the state-building project, the Nationalist government went as far as using legal and administrative procedures to enforce the development of strong physiques and participation in tiyu (sport; physical education; physical culture) 2 as a woman's civic obligation.At the same time, the female body was taken as the site to hold the unchanging essence and moral purity of the Chinese nation. 3The national leader Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek) and his wife Song Meiling launched the New Life Movement during the 1930s to renew a wartime citizenry dedicated to family, society and national goals by instilling ideas of self-discipline and moral regulation, 'allegedly the factors behind China's historical greatness', and to purify and correct the morality of the masses who were corrupted by Communism. 4Jiang declared that 'today we all recognise the important place of the [Confucian] ideals of li, yi, lian, chi [civility, righteousness, incorruptibility, sense of shame] in revolutionary nation-building [gemin jianguo]'.Song Meiling described the spiritual and moral reinvigoration of Chinese society as the basis of the nation's political and economic reform. 5Physical discipline was soon connected to the state's control over the morality of its citizenry.For the 1933 Fifth National Games, Jiang cabled from Nanchang where he was stationed with Song Meiling to purge the Communists, stressing that 'all types of tiyu competition require a certain kind of discipline.Cultivating our national virtues of civility, righteousness, incorruptibility and sense of shame, while setting a good example for the younger generation, has much to do with tiyu as well'.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it