Nucleation of steam in high-pressure nozzle experiments
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The nucleation characteristics of high-pressure saturated/subcooled steam were studied in Laval nozzles. By using nozzles designed for different expansion rates and varying the inlet stagnation state in wide limits, the Wilson lines and the fog structure (droplet size and number count) were determined between 0.5 and 5 MPa pressure for expansion rates ranging between 10 000 and 200 000 s −1 . The results show that Wilson point nucleation typically occurs in such fast expansions at supersaturated conditions where 3.5-5 per cent moisture would be present in the case of equilibrium flow. Higher expansion rates entail higher supersaturation, causing the formation of smaller, but more numerous, fog droplets. The reported measurements were made in the early seventies and were originally evaluated on the basis of the IFC-67 Steam Tables. The present evaluation uses the new IF-97 equations and reveals significant differences between the old and the new steam tables, leading to severe discrepancies in the value of subcooling at the Wilson point.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it