Bibliographic record
Abstract
The nucleation characteristics of high-pressure saturated/subcooled steam were studied in Laval nozzles. By using nozzles designed for different expansion rates and varying the inlet stagnation state in wide limits, the Wilson lines and the fog structure (droplet size and number count) were determined between 0.5 and 5 MPa pressure for expansion rates ranging between 10 000 and 200 000 s −1 . The results show that Wilson point nucleation typically occurs in such fast expansions at supersaturated conditions where 3.5-5 per cent moisture would be present in the case of equilibrium flow. Higher expansion rates entail higher supersaturation, causing the formation of smaller, but more numerous, fog droplets. The reported measurements were made in the early seventies and were originally evaluated on the basis of the IFC-67 Steam Tables. The present evaluation uses the new IF-97 equations and reveals significant differences between the old and the new steam tables, leading to severe discrepancies in the value of subcooling at the Wilson point.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".