Monolithically integrated graded-index waveguide input couplers for silicon-photonics
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A monolithically integrated asymmetric graded index (GRIN) waveguide structure for coupling light into high index contrast waveguides is described. When analyzed in terms of its waveguide modes, the GRIN coupler is shown to be a multimode interference (MMI) device. The design parameters and tolerances are calculated for quadratic index profile and uniform index amorphous silicon (a-Si) GRIN couplers optimized for coupling light into silicon-on-insulator waveguides. Calculations of coupling efficiencies into 0.5 μm SOI waveguides show that asymmetric GRIN couplers operate over a very wide wavelength range with low polarization dependence, and fabrication requires lithographic resolution of only ±1 μm. Experimental results are presented for a 3 μm thick single layer a-Si coupler integrated with a 0.8 μm SOI waveguide. The measured variation of coupling efficiency with coupler length is in agreement with theory, with an optimal coupling length of 15 μm.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".