Geotechnical properties of transparent silica
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper discusses the geotechnical properties of two families of transparent silica, which can be used to model soil structure interaction and flow problems in transparent soil models. The fundamental premise of this research is that these materials can be used in model tests to study three-dimensional deformation and flow problems, using nonintrusive optical visualization techniques. Triaxial, direct shear, consolidation, and permeability tests conducted in this study indicate that transparent silica gels and amorphous silica have macroscopic geotechnical properties consistent with those of sands and clays, respectively. The materials used in this research have the same refractive index, which permits combining both families in a stratified transparent soil model. The transparent soils described in this paper represent the only system of transparent materials capable of resembling soils that have a wide range of grain sizes including sand and clay using the same pore fluid.Key words : imaging, optical, silica gel, amorphous silica, clay, sand, modeling.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".