Vagal afferent input determines the volume dependence of rat esophageal motility patterns
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The volume dependence of balloon distension-evoked esophageal rhythmic motor responses and their neural correlates was investigated in 72 urethane-anesthetized rats. With increasing balloon volume (75--200 microl), distal esophageal rhythmic contractions decreased in rate and became tonic in the range of 150--250 microl. This change in motor pattern involved only the striated musculature of the esophageal body and persisted after acute transection of the spinal cord at C(2). Impulse frequency in single vagal afferents of the distal esophagus increased with intraluminal pressure over the entire range of balloon volumes tested (50--300 microl). Distension-responsive neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarii showed rhythmic burst activity (type I), tonic excitation (type II), or inhibition followed by off bursts (type III). Increasing strength of stimulation changed type I responses to nonrhythmic but intensified type II and III responses. We conclude that load-dependent changes in distal esophagus motility pattern are encoded by vagal afferents alone and do not involve a spinal afferent input even at near-noxious stimulus strengths.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".