Modulations in androgen and estrogen mediating genes and testicular response in male goldfish exposed to bisphenol A
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Adverse effects of bisphenol A (BPA) on reproductive physiology were studied in male goldfish (Carassius auratus) exposed to nominal environmentally relevant concentrations (0.2 and 20 µg/L) for up to 90 d. Transcriptions of various reproductive genes were measured in brain, liver, and testis to investigate the BPA modes of action. Volume, density, total number, motility, and velocity of sperm were measured to assess testicular function. At 0.2 µg/L, BPA reduced steroidogenetic acute regulatory protein and increased estrogen receptors (ERs) messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript (ERβ1 in liver and ERβ2 in testis) after 90 d. At 20 µg/L, BPA increased mRNA transcript of androgen receptor in testis, brain- and testis-specific aromatase, and vitellogenin in liver after 90, 30, 60, and 60 d, respectively. Transcripts of ERs mRNA were increased after 30 to 60 d at 20 µg/L BPA; increase in ERβ1 mRNA was observed in testis after 7 d. Total number, volume, and motility of sperm were decreased in males exposed to 0.2 and 20 µg/L BPA, whereas sperm density and velocity were only reduced at 20 µg/L BPA. The results support the hypothesis that BPA may exert both anti-androgenic and estrogenic effects, depending on concentration, leading to diminished sperm quality. The findings provide a framework for better understanding of the mechanisms mediating adverse reproductive actions of BPA observed in different parts of the world.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".