The potential of stable isotope (δ <sup>13</sup> C, δ <sup>15</sup> N) analyses for measuring foraging behaviour of animals in disturbed boreal forest
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We examined whether stable isotopes of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) differed consistently between linear features (e.g., pipelines) and forest for plants, fungi, soil, small mammals, and arthropods in the southern Northwest Territories and northern Alberta, Canada. Overall, linear features were significantly enriched in 13C (+0.3%0) and depleted in 15N (-1.0%0) compared to forest. However, the small magnitude of the linear feature effect means isotope values probably cannot be used to directly trace whether insects or small mammals preferentially use linear features for foraging. However, deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) red-backed voles (Myodes spp.), and meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) differed significantly in stable isotope ratios. Each of these species also varied in their use of linear feature habitat, making it plausible to track where predators of small mammals obtain their prey using stable isotope ratios from predator tissues.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".