Obstetric US: Watch the Fetal Hands
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hand anomalies are difficult to diagnose and are often overlooked during prenatal ultrasonography (US). The spectrum of malformations varies from subtle finger deformities to the complete amputation of limbs. Malformations of the hand can be classified, according to the predominant anomaly, among the following categories: alignment abnormalities (clenched hand, camptodactyly, clinodactyly, hypokinesia, clubhand, phocomelia), thumb anomalies, abnormal size (macrodactyly, trident hand), abnormal echogenicity (abnormal calcifications), abnormal number (polydactyly, syndactyly, ectrodactyly), and constriction band sequence. A fetal hand anomaly has important diagnostic and prognostic implications as well as functional consequences. Malformation may be isolated but often is associated with a syndrome or karyotype anomaly. Classification and characterization of the anomaly help to narrow the differential diagnosis: Some malformations (clenched hand, hitchhiker thumb) are highly suggestive of a specific diagnosis. The detection of a fetal hand malformation warrants a complete work-up, including complete fetal and cardiac US examinations, as well as genetic counseling to determine whether familial inquiry and karyotype analysis are necessary.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".