The infection process of <i>Puccinia xanthii</i> f. sp. <i>ambrosiae-trifidae</i> on <i>Ambrosia trifida</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Puccinia xanthii Schwein. f. sp. ambrosiae-trifidae S.W.T. Batra is an obligate parasitic rust fungus of Ambrosia trifida Linn. Field investigations in Liaoning Province, China, showed that it is an effective biocontrol agent of this alien invasive weed. Its infection of the plant was observed by light microscopy combined with Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250 staining. We report the infection process, including teliospore germination and basidiospore formation on the host leaf surface, penetration of host tissue, and development of fungal hyphae within the host tissue. Fresh teliospores began to germinate from the germ pore within 1 h under suitable conditions and soon produced basidiospores or secondary basidiospores. Basidiospores falling on host leaves germinated from the end of the basidiospore opposite to the apiculus. Appressoria of germ tubes tended to orient along leaf epidermis cell ridges or at junctions near stomata rather than fixing randomly on the leaf surface. These germ tubes grew for short or longer distances before forming appressoria. The rust fungus directly penetrated the host epidermis by infectious pegs rather than through stomata. Within host tissues, the rust fungus formed intraepidermal vesicles, primary hyphae, intracellular hyphae, and M-haustoria. The intricate infectious structures formed by P. xanthii f. sp. ambrosiae-trifidae on or in host tissues suggest that the rust fungus is a suitable organism for researching the interaction between the pathogen and host plant.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".