Sliding along Coulombic shear faults in ice
Bibliographic record
Abstract
New experiments have been performed on the resistance to inelastic deformation through frictional sliding along naturally-formed Coulombic shear faults in ice Ih. Coulombic faults mark terminal failure of virgin material when loaded rapidly under a moderate degree of confinement. The experiments were performed on S2 fresh-water ice at 10°C, proportionally loaded biaxially across the columns along a variety of all-compressive paths. Two kinds of behavior were observed. At higher sliding velocities (8 × 102 and 8 × 101 mm s1) sliding was noisy and the process exhibited velocity weakening. At a lower sliding velocity (8 × 104 mm s1) sliding was quiet and fault healing occurred. The two kinds of sliding are indicative of brittle-like (at higher speeds) and ductile-like (at lower speeds) behavior, and are explained in terms of fracture and creep. Within the brittle regime, a power law describes the relationship between the shear strength of the fault and the normal stress across it at the onset of sliding, while Coulomb's law describes the relationship once sliding has progressed by about 2 mm. PACS No.: 61.72Nn
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".