Focal-Plane Algorithmically-Multiplying CMOS Computational Image Sensor
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The CMOS image sensor computes two-dimensional convolution of video frames with a programmable digital kernel of up to 8 times 8 pixels in parallel directly on the focal plane. Three operations, a temporal difference, a multiplication and an accumulation are performed for each pixel readout. A dual-memory pixel stores two video frames. Selective pixel output sampling controlled by binary kernel coefficients implements binary-analog multiplication. Cross-pixel column-parallel bit-level accumulation and frame differencing are implemented by switched-capacitor integrators. Binary-weighted summation and concurrent quantization is performed by a bank of column-parallel multiplying analog-to-digital converters (MADCs). A simple digital adder performs row-wise accumulation during ADC readout. A 128 times 128 active pixel array integrated with a bank of 128 MADCs was fabricated in a 0.35 mum standard CMOS technology. The 4.4 mm times 2.9 mm prototype is experimentally validated in discrete wavelet transform (DWT) video compression and frame differencing.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".