Production of superhydrophobic polymer fibers with embedded particles using the electrospinning technique
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Superhydrophobic materials are currently used for their water‐repelling, self‐cleaning and anti‐fouling properties but are also potentially attractive to prevent snow or ice accumulation on exposed structures. Using the electrospinning technique, polymer mats made of polystyrene and poly[tetrafluoroethylene‐co‐(vinylidene fluoride)‐co‐propylene] (PTVFP) were prepared. They were found to show highly hydrophobic properties, water contact angle (CA) between 130 and 150°, when a dual fiber–bead microstructure was observed. Superhydrophobicity, CA > 150°, was reached when PTVFP mats were electrospun from a polymer solution containing dispersed polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) nanoparticles. Using atomic force microscopy imaging, protruding nanosized asperities on fiber and bead surfaces were observed and this structure led to superhydrophobic properties. Materials prepared from a high‐viscosity PTVFP/ethyl acetate solution with PTFE particles, 200 nm diameter and 8% (w/w), showed an 11.2% improvement in hydrophobicity, CA = 161°, compared to the materials obtained from a particle‐free polymer solution (CA = 143°). Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".