Robotic-assisted closure of atrial septal defect under real-time three-dimensional echo guide: in vitro study
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Several advances in robotic technology and imaging systems have enabled the broad application of minimally invasive techniques in cardiac surgery. We have previously demonstrated that real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE) provided adequate imaging and anatomic detail to act as a sole guide for surgical task performance. In this study, we examined the feasibility of robotic-assisted RT3DE-guided repair of atrial septal defect (ASD) in an in vitro study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Exp. I: An RT3DE system with x4 matrix transducer (Sonos 7500, Philips Medical Systems, Andover, MA) was compared to two-dimensional echo (2DE) in the performance of common surgical tasks with the da Vinci Robotic Surgical System (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, CA). Completion times and deviation of suture from an echogenic target (mm) were measured. Exp. II: Porcine ASDs (n=10) were created and closed with robotic-assisted direct suturing in a water bath. During all experiments the operator was blinded to the target and operated only under ultrasonic guidance. RESULTS: Compared to 2DE guidance, completion times improved by 70% (p<0.0001) and deviation of suture by the robotic system was significantly smaller (2DE: 4+/-2mm, 3DE: 0.2+/-0.3mm, p=0.0002) in RT3DE-guided tasks. RT3DE provided satisfactory images and sufficient anatomical detail for suturing. All surgical tasks were successfully performed with accuracy. CONCLUSIONS: These initial experiments demonstrate the feasibility of robotic-assisted direct closure of ASD under RT3DE guidance. An endoscopic port access approach may be possible with refinements in telemanipulator technology and further development of the transesophageal echo transducer.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.008 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it