Tree genera classification with geometric features from high-density airborne LiDAR
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Categorical recognition of a tree's genus is known to be valuable information for the effective management of forest inventories. In this paper, we present a method for learning a discriminative model using Random Forests to classify individual trees into three genera: pine, poplar, and maple. We believe that both internal and external geometric characteristics of the tree crown are related to tree form and therefore useful in classifying trees to the genus level. Our approach involves the extraction of both internal and external geometric features from a LiDAR point cloud as we believe that geometric features provide important information about the organization of the points inside the tree crown along with overall tree shape and form. We developed 24 geometric features and then reduced the number of features to increase efficiency. These geometric characteristics, computed for 160 sampled trees from eight field sites, were classified using Random Forests and achieved an 88.3% average accuracy rate by using 25% (40 trees) of the data for training.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".