Risk of dementia in people with depressive and bipolar disorders increases with increasing number of prior affective episodes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Kessing LV, Andersen PK. Does the risk of developing dementia increase with the number of episodes in patients with depressive disorder and in patients with bipolar disorder? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004;75:1662–6.[OpenUrl][1][Abstract/FREE Full Text][2] Q Does an increasing number of prior affective episodes increase the risk of developing dementia in people with depressive and bipolar disorders? ### ![Graphic][3] Design: Cohort study. ### ![Graphic][4] Follow up period: 14 years. ### ![Graphic][5] Setting: Denmark from 1970 to 1999. ### ![Graphic][6] People: 18 726 people with depressive disorder (ICD-8) and 4248 people with bipolar disorder (ICD-10). Inclusions: people who at their first discharge from a psychiatric hospital after 1 January 1970 had a diagnosis of primary affective disorder. Main exclusions: diagnosis of organic psychosis or schizophrenia at discharge before 1 January 1986. ### ![Graphic][7] Risk factors: The Denmark nationwide … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJournal%2Bof%2BNeurology%252C%2BNeurosurgery%2B%2526%2BPsychiatry%26rft.stitle%253DJ.%2BNeurol.%2BNeurosurg.%2BPsychiatry%26rft.aulast%253DKessing%26rft.auinit1%253DL%2BV%26rft.volume%253D75%26rft.issue%253D12%26rft.spage%253D1662%26rft.epage%253D1666%26rft.atitle%253DDoes%2Bthe%2Brisk%2Bof%2Bdeveloping%2Bdementia%2Bincrease%2Bwith%2Bthe%2Bnumber%2Bof%2Bepisodes%2Bin%2Bpatients%2Bwith%2Bdepressive%2Bdisorder%2Band%2Bin%2Bpatients%2Bwith%2Bbipolar%2Bdisorder%253F%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1136%252Fjnnp.2003.031773%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F15548477%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/ijlink?linkType=ABST&journalCode=jnnp&resid=75/12/1662&atom=%2Febmental%2F8%2F2%2F46.atom [3]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [4]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [5]: /embed/inline-graphic-3.gif [6]: /embed/inline-graphic-4.gif [7]: /embed/inline-graphic-5.gif
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".