A matched comparison of serum lipids between hemodialysis patients and nondialysis morbid controls
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The high incidence of cardiac and vascular disease in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients has heightened interest in many investigations concerning the serum lipid levels of these patients. The prevalence and laboratory characteristics of serum lipid concentrations in MHD patients, however, are far from clear. We hypothesized that serum lipids are significantly lower in MHD patients compared to their matched nondialysis counterparts. We compared 2-year averaged serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoproteins (HDL), and triglycerides in 285 MHD patients to the same averaged measurements during the same period of time in 285 nondialyzed outpatients from the same geographic area, whose lipid panels were measured in the same laboratory. Matching factors were sex, race and/or ethnicity, diabetes mellitus, and age (+/- 5 years). The MHD patients and their matched controls were 55.6 +/- 13.5 (SD) and 56.3 +/- 13.0 years old, respectively. Each group contained 51% women, 31% African Americans, 52% Hispanics, and 37% diabetics; 16% of MHD patients and 38% of controls were receiving statins. Body mass index (BMI) was significantly lower in MHD patients than in controls (26.2 vs. 31.5 kg/m2; p < 0.001). Serum cholesterol levels were significantly lower in MHD patients than in control subjects including after adjustment for BMI and statin use (TC, -51; LDL, -39; and HDL, -10 mg/dL; p < 0.001). Using conditional logistic regression for matched data and after controlling for BMI and statins, all odds ratios for predetermined hypercholesterolemic, but not hypertriglyceridemic, levels were significantly and substantially lower than 1.00, indicating much lower likelihood of hypercholesterolemia in MHD patients. Total and LDL hypercholesterolemia, although very common in nondialysis ambulatory outpatients, are substantially less prevalent in the MHD population, whereas hypertriglyceridemia is approximately equally prevalent between these populations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".