A high figure of merit and area-efficient low-voltage (0.7-1 V) 12 GHz CMOS VCO
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents the design and experimental results of an area-efficient LC-based voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) which can operate from a supply voltage as low as 0.7 V (2 mW in power), while being suitable for RF applications. A transformer coupling technique is used to reduce the required silicon area by more than a factor of two, compared to earlier designs, while reducing the phase noise. A VCO occupying a 0.24 mm/sup 2/ of area was fabricated in a standard 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS process. With a 1 V supply, the 12 GHz VCO consumes 7.7 mW with a measured phase noise of -102.2 dBc/Hz at a 600 kHz offset. A tuning range of 400 MHz is achieved without using varactors. The VCO has an excellent figure of merit (FOM) of -183.4 dBc/Hz, compared to recent designs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".