Barotropically induced interfacial waves in two-layer exchange flows over a sill
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Two-layer exchange flows are observed in the channels/straits connecting two water bodies of different densities. This study examines the nature of the barotropic forcing and its effect on the interfacial waves in two-layer exchange flows over a smooth/break underwater sill. Experiments were conducted with different initial conditions, distinguishing the case of hydrostatic disequilibrium and the case of a global pressure-balanced state. The experiments demonstrate that the baroclinic exchange flow is dominated by the barotropic-forcing-induced oscillations. A simplified barotropic model is developed to predict the period of the barotropic oscillation with an excellent agreement with experimental measurements. Detailed velocity and flow-rate measurements also indicate the importance of the barotropic forcing in exchange flows. The effect of the superimposed barotropic forcing on the interfacial wave characteristics is also investigated. Large two-dimensional surge-like structures are observed during the experiments, whose generation is shown to be related to the flow-rate oscillations. The length scales of these structures is comparable with the total water depth and is shown to increase with increasing Reynolds numbers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".