Bibliographic record
Abstract
In Mexico after the revolution occurred in 1910, the new government initiated the spread of school education all over the country. Especially the policy encouraged the expansion of public education into rural areas where many ind genas (indigenous people) lived. The government tried to assimilate or integrate the indígenas into "Mexican society", namely the dominant society. The indígenas' proper cultures and languages were not much taken into consideration. After this, although the indígenas' languages were used in the rural schools from the second half of the 1930's and 'bilingual education'started in the 1960's, the final aim was to compel the indígenas to learn Spanish through their own languages. At the end of the 1960's, however, some anthropologists began to criticize this educational policy toward the ind genas, asserting that it neglected the indígenas' "human rights" and extinguished their proper cultures and languages. In the 1970's, under a rising tendency to respect the indígenas' rights and cultures, "bicultural education" was introduced along with bilingual education. The indígenas elite, many of whom were bilingual teachers trained in bilingual education, were promoted to participate in policy making and its execution. In the second half of this decade, the government framed some new educational policies in order to spread school education even more over remote and isolated districts under a programme named "Educaci n para Todos (Education for All)". In 1982, Mexico confronted an unheard-of economic crisis. The government intended to rehabilitate the country's economy and adopted so-called neo-liberal economic policies typified by accepting support of some international organizations such as the IMF and the World Bank. One of the most symblic neo-liberal policies was the signing of NAFTA with the United States and Canada. However, the shift toward neo-liberal policies has not brought an improvement in the ind genas' lives, but has actually made conditions worse. The educational reforms carried out in the 1970's helped the participation of ind genas and the spread of bilingual and bicultural education (multicultural education) over rural areas. Yet, the policies of this period would lead up to the neo-liberal policies of the 1980's. This paper analyzes the rural and ind genas education of Mexico in the 1970s' in order to consider the relation between multiculturalism and neo-liberalism.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.011 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".