Cytokine Release and Cytotoxicity in Human Keratinocytes Induced by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (1-Methylpyrene and Perylene)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The cytotoxic effects of two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) (1-methyplyrene and perylene) were investigated on human skin keratinocytes. Normal human keratinocytes were cultured in the presence of various concentrations of 1-methylpyrene and perylene either alone or in combination. Following incubation, keratinocyte adhesion, viability, proliferation, colony-forming efficiency, and apoptosis/necrosis level were examined. The effects of PAH on wound healing were also determined in vitro using a scrape-wound healing assay on epidermis-like tissue. In addition, the inflammatory cell response to PAH insult was examined through interleukin-1 (IL-1) alpha and interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion. Each individual PAH significantly decreased keratinocyte adhesion and viability in a concentration-dependent manner, which was associated with a reduced ability of keratinocytes to proliferate and form colonies. When PAH were combined, a greater effect on keratinocyte adhesion, viability, and proliferation was noted. Decreased cell proliferation/colony-forming efficiency was accompanied by increased cell apoptosis following incubation with either PAH. This effect was enhanced by the inhibitory influence on keratinocyte migration, as assessed by culture scratching. Each PAH also exerted a significant effect on keratinocyte immune functions by modulating the secretion of inflammatory mediators. Indeed, 1-methylpyrene or perylene, individually or when combined, significantly upregulated IL-1alpha and IL-6 secretion. This effect was greater and was concentration dependent when the PAH combination was used. Overall results indicate that 1-methylpyrene and perylene exerted a cytotoxic effect on human keratinocytes. Our findings may shed light on mechanisms underlying potential adverse effects of 1-methylpyrene and perylene on human skin.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".