Geography and soil chemistry drive the distribution of fungal associations in lady’s slipper orchid,<i>Cypripedium acaule</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Mycorrhizal associations are required for the germination of orchids in nature. Recent studies reveal that distributions of arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal fungal species are influenced by soil nutrient availability. However, it is unclear how soil nutrient availability influences mycorrhizal and root endophytic fungal association in orchids. Here we studied the pink lady’s slipper Cypripedium acaule Aiton, an orchid found typically in Pinus L. dominated forests of eastern North America, which associates with a diverse suite of fungi. We sampled 16 C. acaule populations across central and northern Georgia, USA. Soil samples were collected at the site of each plant and analyzed for organic matter, total carbon and nitrogen, calcium, ammonium, nitrate, and pH. Fungi present in the roots of each plant were identified from root samples using DNA analysis of key fungal barcoding genes. We then assessed the degree to which fungal associates corresponded to particular geographic, climatic, and soil factors via nonmetric multidimensional scaling. Our results indicate a broad association between geography, soil chemistry, and the distribution of root endophytic fungal associations in C. acaule. Importantly, this association may help explain why orchids with broad fungal associations are rare within landscapes. However, further research on the role of fungal availability in the soil is warranted.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".