Experimental observations on the response of loose sand under simultaneous increase in stress ratio and rotation of principal stresses
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The drained response of loose sand (relative density of 30%) under simultaneous increase in principal stress ratio (R = σ' 1 /σ' 3 ) and the inclination of major principal stress to the vertical (α σ ) is examined using data from hollow cylinder torsional shear testing. The study specifically pertains to the behaviour of loose sand subject to monotonic linear stress path loadings in the R–α σ space, within the domain of R ≤ 2, α σ < 45°, while intermediate principal stress parameter (b) and effective mean normal stress (σ' m ) are held constant. The relationship between horizontal shear stress (τ zt ) and horizontal shear strain (γ zt ) of loose sand under such loadings is shown to be unique and stress-path independent. At any stress state, the horizontal shear stiffness (dτ zt /dγ zt ) for a given σ' m depends only on the current value of τ zt , and not on the value of individual components of normal effective stress, or their increments. When R and α σ are increased simultaneously in a linear manner, loose sand initially exhibits linear strain paths, suggesting no significant changes to the inherent anisotropy during the early stages of such loading. The directions of principal stress increment (α Δσ ) and principal strain increment (α Δε ) are found coincident, when α Δσ < 45°. An approach to predict the response of loose sand under simultaneous increase in R and α σ with constant b and σ' m has been developed based on these findings.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".