Lentiviral Neuropathogenesis: Comparative Neuroinvasion, Neurotropism, Neurovirulence, and Host Neurosusceptibility
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Despite extensive genetic diversity among lentiviruses, they share many biological properties, including similar structural and genomic organizations, Mg 2ϩ -dependent reverse transcriptase activity, and broad cellular tropisms involving both proliferating and nonproliferating cells within and outside the nervous system (30).Lentiviruses can also be subdivided on the basis of pathogenesis into peripheral immune deficiency-inducing viruses, such as human (HIV), simian (SIV), feline (FIV), bovine (BIV), and chimeric simian-human (SHIV) immunodeficiency viruses, and those that are immune activators, including caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV), maedivisna virus (MVV), and equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) (Table 1).Systemically, most lentiviruses exhibit a distinct disease pattern in which primary infection induces acute disease and an intense immune response, followed by a lengthy period of subclinical infection (lenti ϭ slow) and a terminal phase resulting in death ( 22).Immunodeficiency-associated lentiviral infections usually trigger a robust host immune response that is diminished over time, permitting opportunistic infections.In contrast, infections by the immune-activating lentiviruses are characterized by a terminal phase of host immune activation.CAEV and MVV infections are manifested as systemic inflammation with chronic arthritis, pneumonia, and mastitis, while EIAV induces recurrent episodes of an autoimmune-mediated acute hemolytic disease (17,57,89).In contrast to the distinct differences in peripheral immune responses, both lentiviral groups exhibit immune dysregulation in the central nervous system (CNS), defined by inflammation and neuronal injury.Moreover, the ability to infect and replicate in cells of monocyte/macrophage lineage is common to all lentiviruses.Among the immunodeficiency viruses, which recapitulate many of the neurobehavioral and neuropathological features of HIV type 1 (HIV-1)-induced neurological disease, primary lentivirus-induced neurological disease occurs more frequently with advancing immune suppression (84,92, 102).The frequency of neuropathological changes induced in FIV-and SIV-infected cats and monkeys, respectively, varies depending on the viral strain and host-specific factors.FIV-induced brain disease occurs in 20 to 50% of infected animals, usually concurrent with depressed CD4 T-lymphocyte levels (98), and may manifest as psychomotor
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".