Bibliographic record
Abstract
Unsaturated soil interfaces exist where unsaturated soil is in contact with structures such as foundations, retaining walls, and buried pipes. The unsaturated soil interface can be defined as a layer of unsaturated soil through which stresses are transferred from soil to structure and vice versa. In this paper, the shearing behavior of unsaturated soil interfaces is examined using results of interface direct shear tests conducted on a low-plasticity fine-grained soil. A conventional direct shear test device was modified to conduct direct shear interface tests using matric suction control. Further, the results were used to define failure envelopes for unsaturated soil interfaces having smooth and rough counterfaces. Results of this study indicate that matric suction contributes to the peak shear strength of unsaturated interfaces; however, postpeak shear strength did not appear to vary with changes in matric suction. Variations in net normal stress affected both peak and postpeak shear strength. Failure envelopes developed using the soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) appeared to capture the nonlinear influence of matric suction on shear strength of soil and interfaces.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".