North American Islamic feminist interpretation: The case of sūrah 4:34, with a comparison to Christian feminist interpretation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Traditionally, Muslim men interpreted the Qur'anic verses describing gender relations and the rights of women. Now Muslim women themselves are arguing for new evaluations of these older interpretations and supporting their arguments with evidence from the sacred text. In this article, the hermeneutic approaches of Islamic feminists to the Qur'an are explored via an investigation of the interpretation of Qur'an 4:34, a verse that is notorious for seeming to legitimate male superiority and wife beating. Discussion focusses on interpretations available in English, thus highlighting the development of various interpretive approaches in the North American Muslim diaspora. Islamic feminist approaches are compared to Christian feminist interpretations of the role of women in the household codes of the New Testament (e.g. Ephesians 5:22-24) in order to understand how the struggle for gender justice is articulated from within various religious identities and in relationship to various sacred texts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.019 | 0.020 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".