Experimental Study of Fracture Propagation Mechanisms by Oriented Perforation Technology for SRV Fracturing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Due to the growing importance of shale oil and gas resources, more effective techniques to develop unconventional reservoirs are strongly required. In this paper, a new volumetric fracturing measure for unconventional resources based on oriented perforation technology has been introduced. Moreover, this innovative approach was validated through a series of laboratory experiments varying the parameters of physical models, such as perforation azimuth, perforation length and horizontal stress difference. The results showed that the artificial hydraulic fracture formed by using oriented perforation technology was not a satisfactory straight dual-wing fracture, instead, it was a bent dual-wing crack like “S” or “X”, which could significantly increase the stimulated reservoir volume. The perforation azimuth and horizontal stress difference were the primary factors that affected the formation of multi fractures. The reorientation path was extended with the increasing of the oriented perforation azimuth angle, but decreased with the increasing of horizontal stress difference. In addition, increasing the perforation length could greatly decrease the initiation pressure. Therefore, the oriented perforation technology could be as a powerful way to accelerate the exploitation of the unconventional reservoirs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".