Expression of voltage‐dependent potassium channels in the developing visual system of <i>Xenopus laevis</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that voltage-dependent potassium (Kv) channels have important and varied roles in the development of neuronal and non-neuronal cell types. They have been implicated in processes such as proliferation, cell adhesion, migration, neurite outgrowth, and axon guidance. In this study, we used antibodies against several electrically active Kv channel alpha-subunits (Kv1-4) to describe the spatial and temporal expression patterns of Kv channel subunits in Xenopus laevis retinal ganglion cell (RGC) somata, axons, and growth cones. We found that RGCs express Kv1.3-, Kv1.5-, Kv3.4-, and Kv4.2-like subunits. Each subunit displayed unique cellular and subcellular distributions. Moreover, the expression patterns changed considerably over the major period of Xenopus retinal cell genesis and differentiation. Weak or no immunoreactivity was observed with antibodies against Kv1.1, Kv1.2, Kv1.4, Kv1.6, and Kv3.2 subunits in RGCs or other retinal cell types. In support of our previous pharmacologic evidence implicating Kv channels in RGC axon outgrowth, we found that Kv1.5-, Kv3.4-, and Kv4.2-like proteins, but not Kv1.3-like subunits, are abundantly expressed in RGC growth cones.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".