Detecting near-surface objects with seismic waveform tomography
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Three shallow, high-velocity, rubble-filled targets are imaged using waveform tomography in an engineering-scale clay embankment at Seven Sisters Falls, Manitoba, Canada, to locate targets buried at approximately 7 as a blind test of geophysical imaging methods. Previous studies use near-offset reflection methods to image the targets; however, this test uses waveform tomography of the long-offset, refracted arrivals to image P-velocity and seismic attenuation. The targets are invisible to standard traveltime tomography. Using weight-drop data, with frequencies of 20–150 Hz, the subwavelength targets are resolved in the velocity images and complementary images of seismic Q are produced. The interpreted target locations are consistent with limited survey information from the embankment construction. Multiple quality-control efforts, paired with a very good fit between model and observed data, indicate the reliability of the results.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".