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Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010
Christopher J L Murray, Theo Vos, Rafael Lozano, Mohsen Naghavi, Abraham D Flaxman, Catherine Michaud, Majid Ezzati, Kenji Shibuya, Joshua A. Salomon, Safa Abdalla, Victor Aboyans, Jerry Abraham, Ilana N. Ackerman, Rakesh Aggarwal, Stephanie Y Ahn, Mohammed K. Ali, Mohammad A. AlMazroa, Miriam Alvarado, H Ross Anderson, Laurie Anderson, Kathryn Andrews, Charles Atkinson, Larry M. Baddour, Adil N Bahalim, Suzanne Barker‐Collo, Lope H. Barrero, David Bartels, Marı́a-Gloria Basáñez, Amanda Baxter, Michelle L. Bell, Emelia J. Benjamin, Derrick Bennett, Eduardo Bernabé, Kavi Bhalla, Bishal Bhandari, Boris Bikbov, Aref Bin Abdulhak, Gretchen L. Birbeck, James A Black, Hannah Blencowe, Jed D Blore, Fiona Blyth, Ian Bolliger, Audrey Bonaventure, Soufiane Boufous, Rupert Bourne, Michel Boussinesq, Tasanee Braithwaite, Carol Brayne, Lisa Bridgett, Simon Brooker, Peter Brooks, Traolach Brugha, Claire Bryan-Hancock, Chiara Bucello, Rachelle Buchbinder, Geoffrey Buckle, Christine M. Budke, Michael Burch, Peter Burney, Roy Burstein, Bianca Calabria, Benjamin Campbell, Charles E. Canter, Hélène Carabin, Jonathan R. Carapetis, Loreto Carmona, Claudia Cella, Fiona Charlson, Honglei Chen, Andrew Tai-Ann Cheng, David Chou, Sumeet S. Chugh, Luc E. Coffeng, Steven D Colan, Samantha Colquhoun, K. Ellicott Colson, John R. Condon, Myles Connor, Leslie T. Cooper, Matthew Corriere, Monica Cortinovis, William Couser, Michael H Criqui, Marita Cross, Kaustubh Dabhadkar, Manu Dahiya, Nabila Dahodwala, James Damsere-Derry, Goodarz Danaei, Adrian Davis, Diego De Leo, Louisa Degenhardt, Robert P. Dellavalle, Allyne Delossantos, Julie O. Denenberg, Sarah Derrett, Don C. Des Jarlais, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Mukesh Dherani, Cèsar Díaz‐Torné, Helen Dolk, E. Ray Dorsey, Tim Driscoll, Herbert C. Duber, Beth E. Ebel, Karen Edmond, Suad Eltahir Ali, Holly E Erskine, Patricia J. Erwin, Patricia Espindola, Stalin E Ewoigbokhan, Farshad Farzadfar, Valery L. Feigin, David T. Felson, Alize J Ferrari, Cleusa P. Ferri, Eric M. Fèvre, Mariel M. Finucane, Seth Flaxman, Louise Flood, Kyle J Foreman, Mohammad H. Forouzanfar, F.G.R. Fowkes, Marlene Fransen, Michael K Freeman, Belinda J. Gabbe, Sherine E. Gabriel, Emmanuela Gakidou, Hammad A. Ganatra, Bianca Garcia, Flavio Gaspari, Richard F Gillum, Gerhard Gmel, Diego González-Medina, Richard A. Gosselin, Rebecca Grainger, Bridget F. Grant, Justina Groeger, Françis Guillemin, David Gunnell, Ramyani Gupta, Juanita A. Haagsma, Holly Hagan, Yara A. Halasa, Wayne Hall, Diana Haring, Josep María Haro, James Harrison, Rasmus Havmoeller, Roderick J. Hay, Hideki Higashi, Catherine Hill, Bruno Hoen, Howard J. Hoffman, Peter J. Hotez, Damian Hoy, John J. Huang, S Ibeanusi, Kathryn H. Jacobsen, Spencer L James, Deborah Jarvis, Rashmi Jasrasaria, Sudha Jayaraman, Nicole E. Johns, Jost B. Jonas, Ganesan Karthikeyan, Nicholas J Kassebaum, Norito Kawakami, Andre Keren, Jon‐Paul Khoo, Charles H. King, Lisa Marie Knowlton, Olive Kobusingye, Adofo Koranteng, Rita Krishnamurthi, Francine Laden, Ratilal Lalloo, Laura L Laslett, Timothy Lathlean, Janet L Leasher, Yong Yi Lee, J. Paul Leigh, Daphna Levinson, Stephen S Lim, Elizabeth Limb, John K. Lin, Michael S. Lipnick, Steven E. Lipshultz, Wei Liu, Maria Loane, Summer Lockett Ohno, Ronan A Lyons, Jacqueline Mabweijano, Michael F MacIntyre, Reza Malekzadeh, Leslie Mallinger, Sivabalan Manivannan, Wagner Marcenes, Lyn March, David J Margolis, Guy B. Marks, Robin Marks, Akira Matsumori, Richard Matzopoulos, Bongani M. Mayosi, John H. McAnulty, Mary Mcdermott, Neil McGill, John J. McGrath, María Elena Medina‐Mora, Michele Meltzer, Ziad A. Memish, George A. Mensah, Tony R. Merriman, Ana‐Claire Meyer, Valeria Miglioli, Matthew Miller, Ted R. Miller, Philip B. Mitchell, Charles Mock, Ana Olga Mocumbi, Terrie E. Moffitt, Ali A Mokdad, Lorenzo Monasta, Marcella Montico, Maziar Moradi‐Lakeh, Andrew Moran, Lídia Morawska, Rintaro Mori, Michele E Murdoch, Michael Mwaniki, Kovin Naidoo, Manisha Nair, Luigi Naldi, K M Venkat Narayan, Paul K Nelson, Robert G. Nelson, Michael C. Nevitt, Charles R. Newton, Sandra Nolte, Paul Norman, Rosana Norman, Martin O’Donnell, Simon J. O’Hanlon, Casey Olives, Saad B Omer, Katrina Ortblad, Richard H. Osborne, Doruk Ozgediz, Andrew Page, Bishnu Pahari, Jeyaraj Pandian, Andrea Rivero, Scott B. Patten, Neil Pearce, Rogelio Perez Padilla, Fernando Pérez-Ruiz, Norberto Perico, Konrad Pesudovs, David Phillips, Michael Phillips, Kelsey Pierce, Sébastien D. S. Pion, Guilherme V. Polanczyk, Suzanne Polinder, C Arden Pope, Svetlana Popova, Esteban Porrini, Farshad Pourmalek, Martin Prince, Rachel L. Pullan, K. D. Ramaiah, Dharani Ranganathan, Homie Razavi, Mathilda Regan, Jürgen T Rehm, David B. Rein, Kathryn Richardson, Frederick P. Rivara, Thomas Roberts, Carolyn Robinson, Felipe Rodríguez De León, Luca Ronfani, Robin Room, Lisa C Rosenfeld, Lesley Rushton, Ralph L. Sacco, Sukanta Saha, Uchechukwu K.A. Sampson, Lídia Sànchez-Riera, Ella Sanman, David C. Schwebel, James G. Scott, María Seguí‐Gómez, Saeid Shahraz, Donald S. Shepard, Hwashin Hyun Shin, Rupak Shivakoti, Donald H. Silberberg, David Singh, Gitanjali M Singh, Jasvinder A. Singh, Jessica Singleton, David A. Sleet, Karen Sliwa, Emma Smith, Jennifer L. Smith, Nicolas JC Stapelberg, Andrew C. Steer, Timothy J. Steiner, Wilma A. Stolk, Lars Jacob Stovner, Christopher R. Sudfeld, Sana Syed, Giorgio Tamburlini, Mohammad Tavakkoli, Hugh R. Taylor, Jennifer Taylor, William J. Taylor, Bernadette Thomas, W. Murray Thomson, George D. Thurston, Marcello Tonelli, Jeffrey A Towbin, Thomas Truelsen, Miltiadis K. Tsilimbaris, Clotilde Ubeda, Eduardo A. Undurraga, Marieke J van der Werf, Jim van Os, Monica S. Vavilala, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Mengru Wang, Wenzhi Wang, Kerrianne Watt, D. J. Weatherall, Martin A. Weinstock, Robert Weintraub, Marc G. Weisskopf, Myrna M. Weissman, Richard White, Harvey Whiteford, Natasha Wiebe, Steven Wiersma, James D. Wilkinson, Hywel C Williams, Sean RM Williams, Emma Witt, Frederick Wolfe, Anthony D. Woolf, Sarah Wulf, Pon-Hsiu Yeh, Anita K. M. Zaidi, Zhi-Jie Zheng, David Zonies, Alan D López
Bibliographic record
VenueThe Lancet · 2012
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldSocial Sciences
TopicHealth disparities and outcomes
Canadian institutionsUniversity of AlbertaAlberta Kidney Disease NetworkHealth CanadaUniversity of British ColumbiaCentre for Addiction and Mental HealthUniversity of Calgary
FundersNational Institute on AgingNational Institutes of HealthNational Heart, Lung, and Blood InstituteNational Institute of Environmental Health SciencesNational Institute for Health and Care ResearchWellcome Trust
KeywordsYears of potential life lostDisability-adjusted life yearLife expectancyMedicineBurden of diseaseQuality-adjusted life yearDisease burdenEpidemiologyDemographyDiseaseGlobal healthPoison controlEnvironmental healthPublic healthPopulationGerontologyCost effectivenessRisk analysis (engineering)Internal medicinePathology
Abstract
No abstract in any covered source. Its absence is recorded, not treated as a negative.
No abstract. This is not a gap in this database; OpenAlex has none either. 23.3% of the frame is in this state, and the screen finds HALF as much metaresearch here, so the absence is a measured bias rather than a missing field.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.004
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.006
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Meta-analysis · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.094
Threshold uncertainty score0.187
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.014 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.068
GPT teacher head0.374
Teacher spread0.307 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designMeta-analysis
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations9,004
Published2012
Admission routes1
Has abstractno