Impact of photovoltaic power sources on a power system's capacity reliability levels
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Energy limitations associated with unconventional energy sources e.g., photovoltaic and wind power) can play an important role in capacity adequacy evaluation of present and future electric system configurations. Solar photovoltaic power plants are electric power sources whose output depends on natural factors that are statistically interdependent of the load. Photovoltaic (PV) plants have the significant problematic characteristic that their power outputs are not dispatchable into a power grid by the system operators. Utility dispatchers have virtually no control in regard to the amount of power available from photovoltaic plants at any instant.. This paper presents a new methodology for assessing the reliability of utility and industrial generation systems that include PV plants. The proposed new models are energy based and use a load modification approach (Chowdhury, 1990; Palz, 1978; Jaffe, 1985) for assessing the impacts of photovoltaic electric power plants upon a utility supply system. The method and the models for PV power plant output modeling are illustrated with a simple system example. The methodology is directly applicable to utility and industrial operating system configurations
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".