Subharmonic scattering of phospholipid-shell microbubbles at low acoustic pressure amplitudes
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Subharmonic scattering of phospholipid-shell microbubbles excited at relatively low acoustic pressure amplitudes (<30 kPa) has been associated with echo responses from compression-only bubbles having initial surface tension values close to zero. In this work, the relation between sbharmonics and compression-only behavior of phospholipid-shell microbubbles was investigated, experimentally and by simulation, as a function of the initial surface tension by applying ambient overpressures of 0 and 180 mmHg. The microbubbles were excited using a 64-cycle transmit burst with a center frequency of 4 MHz and peak-negative pressure amplitudes ranging from 20 of 150 kPa. In these conditions, an increase in subharmonic response of 28.9 dB (P < 0.05) was measured at 50 kPa after applying an overpressure of 180 mmHg. Simulations using the Marmottant model, taking into account the effect of ambient overpressure on bubble size and initial surface tension, confirmed the relation between subharmonics observed in the pressure-time curves and compression-only behavior observed in the radius-time curves. The trend of an increase in subharmonic response as a function of ambient overpressure, i.e., as a function of the initial surface tension, was predicted by the model. Subharmonics present in the echo responses of phospholipid-shell microbubbles excited at low acoustic pressure amplitudes are indeed related to the echo responses from compression-only bubbles. The increase in subharmonics as a function of ambient overpressure may be exploited for improving methods for noninvasive pressure measurement in heart cavities or big vessels in the human body.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it