First Report of Oilseed Rape Stem Rot Caused by <i>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</i> in Greece
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) was recently introduced into Greece for the production of biofuels. During May of 2007, symptoms typical of stem rot were observed on oilseed rape plants in three commercial fields in the area of Galatades-Pella, Central Macedonia, Greece. Approximately 30% of the plants were affected. Symptoms began as a chlorotic wilt on the foliage and developed into necrosis of basal stems. In the advanced stages of the disease, stems and branches became bleached and eventually died. White, as well as black, mycelium and irregularly shaped sclerotia (2 to 5 mm in diameter) were produced abundantly on and inside the affected stems. To isolate the pathogen, 20 symptomatic 6-month-old plants were collected from each field. Sclerotia were dipped in 70% ethanol, surface sterilized in 1% sodium hypochlorite for 1 min, and rinsed in sterile water. Sclerotia placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) were incubated in the dark at 25°C for 10 days. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary was identified on the basis of morphological characteristics (2). To conduct pathogenicity tests, 10 6-week-old oilseed rape plants (cv. Titan) were each inoculated with a 5-mm-diameter colonized PDA disk placed in wounds made in the basal stem with a sterile scalpel. Five control plants were treated similarly except that the agar disk did not contain mycelium. Plants were then covered with a plastic bag to maintain high humidity. After 72 h, the bags were removed and the plants were maintained in a growth chamber at 23 to 25°C with a 12-h photoperiod and 75% relative humidity. Pathogenicity tests were repeated three times. Symptoms identical to those observed in the field developed within 12 days after inoculation; control plants remained healthy. The fungus was reisolated from all inoculated plants, confirming Koch's postulates. S. sclerotiorum has been reported on oilseed rape in Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, the United States, and New Zealand (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of Sclerotinia stem rot of oilseed rape in Greece. References: (1) D. F. Farr et al. Fungal Databases. Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory. Online publication. ARS, USDA, 2008. (2) L. M. Kohn. Phytopathology 69:881, 1979.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".