<i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> as a marker for insect dispersal studies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Laboratory studies confirmed that commercial formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) could be used to mark potato tuber moths, Phthorimaea operculella . Moths were successfully marked by direct application or through indirect acquisition by contact with marked surfaces such as a leaf or a Petri dish. Marked moths were identified by the distinctive crystalline morphology of different subspecies of Bt, allowing the separation of individual moths marked with either Btk ( kurstaki ) or Bti ( israelensis ) . A simple microbiological method for processing the trapped moths before definitive, microscopic identification of the subspecies is described. Field marking was verified by capturing light brown apple moths, Epiphyas postvittana , from areas that had been subjected to large‐scale spraying of Btk for control of an exotic pest species. Btk was also detected in moths from isolated traps at c. 1 km from the treated area, but not in moths from traps at greater distances. These results indicate that Bt preparations could be used to mark naturally occurring populations as well as laboratory‐reared individuals to study their dispersal.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".