Multiple Oral<i>Candida</i>Infections in Patients with Sjögren’s Syndrome — Prevalence and Clinical and Drug Susceptibility Profiles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of oral candidiasis and multiple oral Candida infections in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS), and the clinical and drug susceptibility profile. METHODS: Thirty patients with primary SS were enrolled in our study. The diagnosis of oral candidiasis was based on the clinical manifestation, and confirmed by a concentrated rinse culture. Candida spp. assessment was accomplished using standard methods: Sabouraud dextrose agar with 50 mg/l chloramphenicol and CHROMagar were used for the rapid screening of clinical species, followed by the API 20C system for further species identification. In vitro antifungal drug susceptibility of Candida isolates was determined by the minimal inhibitory concentrations. RESULTS: In our study, 87% (26/30) of subjects had oral candidiasis, in which 42% (11/26) had multiple Candida spp. infection. Although C. albicans remains the predominant isolate, other rare species such as C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, and C. krusei were present, alone or in combination. Chronic atrophic candidiasis is the most common clinical type of oral candidiasis in patients with SS. The susceptibilities of the 44 Candida isolates to 7 antifungal agents varied dramatically. The resistance to azoles was remarkable, and the phenomenon of cross-resistance between itraconazole and fluconazole was observed. CONCLUSION: Patients with primary SS carry a high risk of oral candidiasis and a high frequency of multiple Candida infections. The azole resistance patterns of Candida spp. support the necessity for drug susceptibility testing as a routine procedure for patients with oral Candida infections.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".